Hält die frühen Menschen kühl und hydriert

Das tiefgelockte Kopfhaar schützte die frühen Menschen vor der Strahlungshitze der Sonne und ermöglichte es ihnen, Gehirne zu erreichen, die denen des modernen Menschen ähneln.

Laut Forschern, die die Rolle menschlicher Haartexturen bei der Regulierung der Körpertemperatur untersucht haben, sieht lockiges Haar mehr aus als nur gutes Aussehen – es könnte erklären, warum die frühen Menschen kühl blieben und gleichzeitig die Flüssigkeitszufuhr bewahrten. Die Ergebnisse könnten Aufschluss über die evolutionäre Anpassung geben, die es dem menschlichen Gehirn ermöglichte, zu heutigen Größen heranzuwachsen.

„Der Mensch hat sich in Äquatorialafrika entwickelt, wo Jahr für Jahr den ganzen Tag über die Sonne scheint“, sagte Nina Jablonski, Professorin für Anthropologie an der Pennsylvania State University. Hier erhalten die Kopfhaut und der Oberkopf viel gleichmäßiger intensive Sonneneinstrahlung in Form von Wärme. Wir wollten verstehen, wie sich dies auf die Entwicklung unserer Haare auswirkt. Wir haben herausgefunden, dass dicht gekräuseltes Haar es Menschen ermöglicht, ruhig zu bleiben und tatsächlich Feuchtigkeit zu spenden.“

Thermopuppe mit dicht gelockten (links) und glatten (rechts) Echthaarperücken. Der Troll nutzt elektrische Energie, um Körperwärme zu simulieren und ermöglicht es Wissenschaftlern, die Wärmeübertragung zwischen menschlicher Haut und der Umgebung zu untersuchen. Eine neue Studie, die die Rolle der menschlichen Haartextur bei der Regulierung der Körpertemperatur untersucht, kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass dicht gelocktes Haar den besten Schutz vor der Strahlungswärme der Sonne bietet und gleichzeitig die Notwendigkeit reduziert, zu schwitzen, um kühl zu bleiben. Bildnachweis: George Haveneth, Loughborough University

Die Forscher verwendeten eine thermische Schaufensterpuppe – ein menschlich geformtes Modell, das elektrische Energie nutzt, um Körperwärme zu simulieren und es Wissenschaftlern ermöglicht, die Wärmeübertragung zwischen menschlicher Haut und der Umgebung zu untersuchen – und eine Echthaarperücke, um zu untersuchen, wie sich unterschiedliche Haartexturen auf den Wärmegewinn durch Sonneneinstrahlung auswirken Energie. Strahlung. Wissenschaftler haben den Zwerg so programmiert, dass er eine konstante Oberflächentemperatur von 95 Grad aufrechterhält[{“ attribute=““>Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius), similar to the average surface temperature of skin, and set it in a climate-controlled wind tunnel.

The team took base measurements of body heat loss by monitoring the amount of electricity required by the manikin to maintain a constant temperature. Then they shined lamps on the manikin’s head to mimic solar radiation under four scalp hair conditions — none, straight, moderately curled, and tightly curled.

The scientists calculated the difference in total heat loss between the lamp measurements and the base measurements to determine the influx of solar radiation to the head, explained George Havenith, director of the Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre at Loughborough University, U.K., who led the manikin experiments. They also calculated heat loss at different windspeeds and after wetting the scalp to simulate sweating. They ran their results through a model to study how the diverse hair textures would affect heat gain in 86-degree Fahrenheit (30 degrees Celsius) heat and 60% relative humidity, like environments in equatorial Africa.

The researchers found that all hair reduced solar radiation to the scalp, but tightly curled hair provided the best protection from the sun’s radiative heat while minimizing the need to sweat to stay cool. They reported their findings on June 6, 2023, in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

A graphic showing how scientists used a thermal manikin and human hair wigs to measure heat transfer from the scalp. Credit: Melisa Morales Garcia

“Walking upright is the setup and brain growth is the payoff of scalp hair,” said Tina Lasisi, who conducted the study as part of her doctoral dissertation at Penn State. Lasisi will start as an assistant professor of anthropology at the University of Michigan in the fall.

As early humans evolved to walk upright in equatorial Africa, the tops of their heads increasingly took the brunt of solar radiation, explained Lasisi. The brain is sensitive to heat, and it generates heat, especially the larger it grows. Too much heat can lead to dangerous conditions like heat stroke. As humans lost much of their body hair, they developed efficient sweat glands to keep cool, but sweating comes at a cost in lost water and electrolytes. Scalp hair likely evolved as a way to reduce the amount of heat gain from solar radiation, thereby keeping humans cool without the body having to expend extra resources, said Lasisi.

“Around 2 million years ago we see Homo erectus, which had the same physical build as us but a smaller brain size,” she said. “And by 1 million years ago, we’re basically at modern-day brain sizes, give or take. Something released a physical constraint that allowed our brains to grow. We think scalp hair provided a passive mechanism to reduce the amount of heat gained from solar radiation that our sweat glands couldn’t.”

The multidisciplinary research provides important preliminary results for bettering our understanding of how human hair evolved without putting humans in potentially dangerous situations, said Jablonski.

The study also shows that evolutionary anthropologists have an extra tool in the thermal manikin – normally used for testing the functionality of protective clothing – for quantifying human data that is otherwise very difficult to capture, added Havenith.

“The work that’s been done on skin color and how melanin protects us from solar radiation can shape some of the decisions that a person makes in terms of the amount of sunscreen needed in certain environments,” said Lasisi. “I imagine that similar decision-making can occur with hair. When you think about the military or different athletes exercising in diverse environments, our findings give you a moment to reflect and think: is this hairstyle going to make me overheat more easily? Is this the way that I should optimally wear my hair?”

Reference: “Human scalp hair as a thermoregulatory adaptation” by Tina Lasisi, James W. Smallcombe, W. Larry Kenney, Mark D. Shriver, Benjamin Zydney, Nina G. Jablonski and George Havenith, 6 June 2023, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301760120

Also contributing to the research were James Smallcombe, Loughborough University and the University of Australia; and from Penn State Larry Kenney, professor of physiology, kinesiology and Marie Underhill Noll Chair in Human Performance; Mark Shriver, professor of anthropology; and Benjamin Zydney, previously an undergraduate research assistant and now a Penn State alum.

The National Science Foundation and the Wenner-Gren Foundation supported this work.